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--- concept_intro_to_toxicology_patient [2025/05/12 08:13] – ↷ Links adapted because of a move operation jkohts
+++ concept_intro_to_toxicology_patient [2025/05/13 09:49] (current) – ↷ Links adapted because of a move operation 3.230.224.6
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 ===== - Investigations =====
-The following investigations may be useful to perform:
+The following investigations may be useful.
+**Laboratory tests**
   * **Blood gas**  analysis to assess gas exchange and metabolic disturbance particularly in patients with altered level of consciousness.
   * **Blood glucose **especially important in those with an altered level of consciousness.
-  * **Paracetamol concentration**  is often tested routinely when a patient is not alert enough to give a reliable risk assessment.
-  * **ECG**  assessing for QT prolongation or evidence of sodium channel blockade.
   * **Electrolytes, renal function, liver function tests**.
   * **CK**  if rhabdomyolysis is suspected on risk assessment, particularly following long lie.
+**Toxicology tests**
+  * **Paracetamol concentration**  is often tested routinely when a patient is not alert enough to give a reliable risk assessment.
   * Specific **drug concentrations**  (e.g. valproate, carbamazepine, lithium) may be helpful if results are available in a clinically useful timeframe.
   * **Urinary drug screens**  have limited utility in a toxicology patient, they confirm the presence of some drug classes which are commonly misused, however false positives and negatives occur.
-  * **CXR**  if evidence of aspiration
-  * **Bedside echo**  in patients with haemodynamic instability to determine the contribution of negative inotropy versus vasodilation
-  * **CT head**  if concerns for concurrent trauma or hypoxic brain injury
-More in depth description of some investigations can be found in appropriate sections ([[:wikitox:arterial_blood_gases|Bloods Gases]] , [[:wikitox:ecg_changes|ECG]]) or in specific drug monographs.
+**Cardiac investigations**
+  * **ECG**  assessing for QT prolongation or evidence of sodium channel blockade.
+  * **Bedside echocardiography**  in patients with haemodynamic instability to determine the contribution of negative inotropy versus vasodilation.
-===== - Treatment =====
+**Radiology studies**
+  * **CXR**  if evidence of aspiration.
+  * **CT head**  if concerns for concurrent trauma or hypoxic brain injury.
-==== - Resuscitation ====
+More in depth description of some investigations can be found in appropriate sections ([[concept_blood_gas_analysis|Bloods Gas Analysis]] , [[concept_ecg_changes|ECG]]) or in specific drug monographs.
-Resuscitation should occur along standard lines with attention to a patient’s airway, breathing and ventilation.
-Bedside echo may be helpful to delineate negative inotropy from vasodilation to better guide inotropic and vasopressor therapy.
-Seizures if they occur should receive benzodiazepines in the first instance. Second line therapy is barbiturates.
+===== - Treatment =====
+==== - Resuscitation ====
+Resuscitation should occur along standard lines such as the ABCDE approach.
-Hypoglycaemia should be corrected with glucose.
+**Airway and Breathing**\\
+Certain drugs overdoses may cause a depressed level of consciousness. This can result in airway compromise, respiratory depression, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia. Airway adjuncts, oxygen therapies, or ventilation therapies may be required to correct these.
-Severe hyperthermia (> 39°C) should be corrected with cooling techniques.
+**Circulation**\\
+Bedside echocardiography may be helpful to discriminate between negative inotropy from vasodilation as a cause of circulatory shock, to better guide inotropic and vasopressor therapy.
-In the event of cardio-respiratory arrest advanced life support protocols should be provided. Prolonged resuscitation attempts are often advised as patients with poisonings are typically healthy before the exposure and the toxicity is likely to be reversible once peak toxicity has passed. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may have a role in refractory cardiac arrest due to poisoning and should be considered early where available.
+**Disability (Neurological Status)**\\
+Hypoglycaemia should be corrected with glucose. Seizures, if they occur, should receive benzodiazepines in the first instance. Second line therapy is barbiturates.
+**Exposure/Environmental**\\
+Severe hyperthermia (>39°C) should be corrected with cooling techniques.
+**Cardio-respiratory arrest**\\
+In the event of cardio-respiratory arrest, advanced life support protocols should be provided. Prolonged resuscitation attempts are often advised as patients with poisonings are typically healthy before the exposure and the toxicity is likely to be reversible once peak toxicity has passed. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may have a role in refractory cardiac arrest due to poisoning and should be considered early where available.
 ==== - Decontamination ====
-Decontamination refers to techniques that reduce the exposure to a drug or toxin by reducing absorption. \\ The use of decontamination methods should be based on a risk/benefit assessment. In those cases where the risk of toxicity is high decontamination should be given if the poisoning is amenable to it. Decontamination should always be a lower priority than resuscitation. \\ Methods of decontamination include:
+Decontamination refers to techniques that reduce the exposure to a drug or toxin by reducing absorption. The use of decontamination methods should be based on a risk/benefit assessment. In those cases where the risk of toxicity is high decontamination should be given if the poisoning is amenable to it. Decontamination should always be a lower priority than resuscitation.
+Methods of decontamination include:
   * Activated charcoal
@@ Line 133: / Line 148: @@
 Antidotes for poisonings have existed for thousands of years and the term refers to a wide range of substances that ameliorate poisonings. Broad mechanisms of action of antidotes include reducing absorption, restoring function, or treating effects of poisoning. Examples of antidotes used currently are supplied in the following table (click to enlarge).
-{{  :wikitox:antidotes.png?direct&400  }}
+{{  antidotes_list_buckley_2016.png?direct&400  }}
 ==== - Supportive Treatment ====
-Good supportive care is the mainstay of managing the poisoned patient. It involves;
+Good supportive care is the mainstay of managing the poisoned patient. It involves but is not limited to the following.
   * Maintaining hydration with IV fluids
   * Placing a urinary catheter if there is urinary retention
-  * Treating agitation with sedation (eg benzodiazepines)
+  * Treating agitation with sedation (e.g. benzodiazepines)
   * Adequate thromboprophylaxis
-  * Prevent of pressure areas
+  * Prevent of pressure area damage
   * Treating nausea with antiemetics
@@ Line 150: / Line 165: @@
 Further Reading:
-  * [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25929508/|PMID: 25929508]]. Buckley NA, Whyte IM, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. A prospective cohort study of trends in self-poisoning, Newcastle, Australia, 1987-2012: plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose. Med J Aust. 2015;202(8):438-442. doi:10.5694/mja14.01116 {{ :buckley_2015_trends_self_poisoning.pdf |PDF}}
+  * [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25929508/|PMID: 25929508]]. Buckley NA, Whyte IM, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. A prospective cohort study of trends in self-poisoning, Newcastle, Australia, 1987-2012: plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose. Med J Aust. 2015;202(8):438-442. doi:10.5694/mja14.01116 {{:buckley_2015_trends_self_poisoning.pdf|PDF}}
   * Assessment and Management of the Poisoned Patient Video Summary [[https://vimeo.com/428066691|Vimeo link]]
-  * [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26816206/|PMID: 26816206]]. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Juurlink DN, Isbister GK. Who gets antidotes? choosing the chosen few. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(3):402-407. doi:10.1111/bcp.12894 {{ buckley_2016_who_gets_antidotes.pdf |PDF}}
+  * [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26816206/|PMID: 26816206]]. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Juurlink DN, Isbister GK. Who gets antidotes? choosing the chosen few. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(3):402-407. doi:10.1111/bcp.12894 {{:buckley_2016_who_gets_antidotes.pdf|PDF}}
 ~~REFNOTES~~