Differences

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--- treatment_adrenaline [2025/04/16 03:35] – [5. Adverse Effects] jkohts
+++ treatment_adrenaline [2025/04/29 02:21] (current) – [7. References] jkohts
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
   * **CVS:** hypertension, tachyarrhythmias, myocardial ischemia.
   * **CNS:** anxiety, tremor.
-  * **MSK:** tissue necrosis if extravasates.
+  * **Skin:** tissue necrosis if extravasates.
   * **Metabolic:** hyperglycemia, hyperlactatemia.
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 ==== - Pharmacodynamics ====
-**Mechanism of action:**
+**Mechanism of action:** Dose-dependent adrenoceptor activity, with β-agonist effects predominate at low doses, and added α-agonist effects at higher doses.
 ==== - Pharmacokinetics ====
 **Absorption:**
-  * Oral bioavailability:
+  * Oral bioavailability: 0%.
-  * GI tract absorption:
-  * First pass metabolism:
 **Distribution:**
-  * Vd:
+  * Vd: 0.1-0.2 L/kg.
   * Lipid solubility:
-    * Crosses/Does not cross BBB
+    * Does not cross BBB
-    * Crosses/Does not cross placenta
+    * Crosses placenta
-    * Excreted/Not excreted in breast milk
+    * Excreted in breast milk
-  * Protein binding:
+  * Protein binding: 50%
-  * Tmax:
-**Metabolism:**
+**Metabolism:** Rapidly metabolized by COMT and MAO into metanephrine and 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, then ultimately into vanillylmandelic acid.
 **Excretion:**
-  * Elimination t½:
+  * Elimination t½: 2-3 mins.
-  * Hepatic clearance:
+  * Renal clearance: Renally excreted, mostly as inactive metabolites.
-  * Renal clearance:
 ==== - Pharmaceutics ====
 **Formulation:**
+  * Ampoules containing 1000 microgram/1 mL or 1000 microgram/10 mL.
+  * Autoinjector with varying doses (commonly 0.15 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.5 mg). Various brands exist, e.g. EpiPen, Emerade, Auvi-Q.
 ===== - References =====
-Useful general references:
+Further Reading:
 ~~REFNOTES~~