Link to [[:wikitox:problems_for_discussion_4_snakes|Problems for Discussion]]

====== Australian Snakes ======

===== BROWN SNAKES =====

==== Objectives ====

  * Detail the clinical effects of Brown snake envenomation.
  * Understand the differences in the toxicity of different species of //Pseudonaja//.
  * Detail the appropriate first aid for snake bites.
  * Understand the indications for Brown snake antivenom.
  * Understand how to monitor victims of Brown snake bite and how long asymptomatic patients should be observed in hospital.
  * Understand the pros and cons of pre-treatment prior to administering antivenom.
  * Understand when fresh frozen plasma should be administered for coagulopathy following brown snake envenomation.


==== Read ====

  * [[:wikitox:2.3.5.3.3_brown_snakes|WikiTox Brown Snakes]]

===== TAIPAN =====

==== Objectives ====

  * Detail the clinical effects of Taipan envenomation.
  * Appreciate the rapid time course following Taipan envenomation and the severity of effects.
  * Understand the indications for Taipan antivenom.
  * Understand how to monitor victims of Taipan snake bite and how long asymptomatic patients should be observed in hospital.
  * Understand the risk of serum sickness following antivenom administration and the potential role for prophylactic corticosteroids.

==== Read ====

  * [[:wikitox:2.3.5.3.7_taipans|Wikitox Taipan]]

===== TIGER SNAKE =====

==== Objectives ====

  * Detail the clinical effects of Tiger snake envenomation and related species.
  * Understand the differences in the toxicity of different species of //Notechis//, //Austrelaps//, //Tropidechis//  and //Hoplocephalus//.
  * Understand the indications for Tiger snake antivenom.
  * Understand how to monitor victims of Tiger snake bite.
  * Understand the pros and cons of pre-treatment prior to administering antivenom.
  * Understand when fresh frozen plasma should be administered for coagulopathy following Tiger snake envenomation.

==== Read ====

  * [[:wikitox:2.3.5.3.8_tiger_snakes|Tiger Snakes]] and Clinically Related Species ( [[:wikitox:2.3.5.3.6_rough_scaled_snakes|Rough scale snakes]], [[:wikitox:2.3.5.3.4_copperheads|Copperhead snakes]], [[:wikitox:2.3.5.3.2_broad_headed_snakes|Broad-headed snakes]])

===== MULGA, COLLETT'S BUTLER'S MULGA AND EASTERN SMALL EYED SNAKES =====

==== Objectives ====

  * Understand the distribution of these snakes
  * Compare the toxicity of Mulga, Collett’s and Butler’s Mulga snakes with the other members of the genus //Pseudechis//.
  * List the investigations required for monitoring a bitten patient.
  * Detail the indications for antivenom treatment.

==== Read ====

  * [[:wikitox:2.3.5.3.1_black_snakes|WikiTox Mulga, Collett's, Butler's Mulga and Eastern small eyed Snakes]]

===== DEATH ADDERS =====

==== Objectives ====

  * To understand the clinical effects of Death Adder envenomation.
  * Describe the management of Death Adder envenomation.
  * Discuss therapies other than antivenom and when these may be indicated.
  * Comment on the prognosis of treated Death Adder envenomation and the response to antivenom.

==== Read ====

  * [[:wikitox:2.3.5.3.5_death_adders|WikiTox Death Adders]]

===== BLACK SNAKES =====

==== Objectives ====

  * Detail the clinical effects of Black snake envenomation and related species.
  * Understand the differences in the toxicity of different species of //Pseudechis//  and //Demansia//.
  * Understand the indications for Tiger snake antivenom and why this is preferable to Black snake antivenom.
  * Understand how to monitor victims of Black and Whip snake bite

==== Read ====

  * [[:wikitox:2.3.5.3.1_black_snakes|WikiTox Black Snakes]]

===== REFERENCES =====

  - Yeung JM, Little M, Murray LM, Jelinek GA, Daly FFS. Antivenom dosing in 35 patients with severe brown snake (Pseudonaja) envenoming in Western Australia over 10 years.Med J Aust 2004;181:703-705. ([[http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/181_11_061204/yeu10307_fm.pdf|fulltext]])
  - Johnston MA, Fatovich DM, Haig AD, Daly FFS. Successful resuscitation after cardiac arrest following massive brown snake envenomation. Med J Aust 2002;177:646-649. ([[http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_11_021202/joh10212_fm.pdf%20|fulltext]])
  - [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055016?ordinalpos=5&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum|Isbister GK, O’Leary MA, Schneider JJ, et al]]. Efficacy of antivenom against the procoagulant effect of Australian brown snake (Pseudonaja sp.) venom: In vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicon 2007;49:57-67.
  - Southern DA, Callanan VI, Gordon GS. Severe envenomation by the taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus). Med J Aust 1996;165:662-664.
  - Lalloo DG, Trevett AJ, Warrell DA. Severe envenomation by the taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus).[letter] Med J Aust 1996;167:54-55.
  - Sutherland SK, Tibballs J. Oxyuranus microlepidotus: the small-scaled or fierce snake. Australian Animal Toxins. 2nd Edition Melbourne: Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 187-193.
  - Jelinek GA, Rogers IR, Corkeron MA, O’Donnell A. Severe multi-system failure following delayed presentation with tiger snake envenomation. Anaesth Intensive Care 1998;26:584-585.
  - Parkin JD, Ibrahim K, Dauer RJ, Braitberg G. Prothrombin activation in eastern tiger snake bite. Pathology 2002;34(2):162-166.
  - Isbister GK, Currie BJ, Little M, Daly FFS, Isbister JP. Coagulopathy from tiger snake envenoming and its treatment [correspondence]. Pathology. 2002;34(6):588-590.
  - Patten BR, Pearn JH, DeBuse P, Burke J, Covacevich J. Prolonged intensive therapy after snake bite. Med J Aust 1985;142:467-469.
  - Campbell CH. Fatal case of mulga (Pseudechis australis) snakebite. [letter] Med J Aust 1969;1(8):426.
  - Rowlands JB. Mastaglia FL. Kakulas BA. Hainsworth D. Clinical and pathological aspects of a fatal case of mulga (Pseudechis australis) snakebite. Med J Aust 1969;1:226-30.
  - Sutherland SK, Tibballs J. Australian Animal Toxins. 2nd Edition. Melbourne: Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 203-208.
  - Lalloo DG, Trevett AJ, Black J, Mapaoj et al. Neurotoxicity, anticoagulant activity and evidence of rhabdomyolysis in patients bitten by death adders (Acanthophis sp.) in southern Papua New Guinea. Quarterly J Med 1996;89:25-35.
  - Currie B, Fitzmaurice M, Oakley J. Resolution of neurotoxicity with anticholinesterase therapy in death-adder envenomation. Med J Aust 1988;148:522-525.
  - Pearn J, McGuire B, McGuire L, Richardson P. The envenomation syndrome caused by the Australian Red-bellied Black Snake Pseudechis porphyriacus. Toxicon 2000;38:1715-1729.
  - Naja melanoleuca. [[http://zoobase.toxinology.net/Exotic%20Snake%20Protocols/ESBP-Naja-melanoleuca.pdf|Also available]]
  - Crotalus atrox. [[http://zoobase.toxinology.net/Exotic%20Snake%20Protocols/ESBP-Crot-atrox.pdf|Also available]]
  - Hung DZ, Wu ML, Deng JF, Lin-Shiau SY. Russell’s viper snakebite in Taiwan: differences from other Asian countries. Toxicon 2002;40:1291-8

===== ADDITIONAL REFERENCES =====

From PubMed search: isbister gk, o'leary…

  * [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17467763|Cross-neutralisation of Australian brown and tiger snake venoms with commercial antivenoms: Cross-reactivity or antivenom mixtures?]]
  * [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055016|Efficacy of antivenom against the procoagulant effect of Australian brown snake (Pseudonaja sp.) venom: in vivo and in vitro studies.]]
  * [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubed/16764898|Enzyme immunoassays in brown snake (Pseudonaja spp.) envenoming: detecting venom, antivenom and venom-antivenom complexes.]]
  * [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15450930|Use of high performance liquid chromatography to measure tetrodotoxin in serum and urine of poisoned patients.]]